{"id":5159,"date":"2011-11-21T23:15:11","date_gmt":"2011-11-22T04:15:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.jasonapollovoss.local\/?p=5159"},"modified":"2018-09-21T02:04:35","modified_gmt":"2018-09-21T06:04:35","slug":"european-sovereign-debt-crisis-overview-analysis-and-timeline-of-major-events","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jasonapollovoss.com\/web\/2011\/11\/21\/european-sovereign-debt-crisis-overview-analysis-and-timeline-of-major-events\/","title":{"rendered":"European Sovereign Debt Crisis: Overview, Analysis, and Timeline of Major Events"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><em>Editor&#8217;s note: This post will be updated periodically as events unfold. Last updated\u00a014 December 2012.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Most commentators trace the beginning of the <a title=\"European Sovereign Debt Crisis Fact Sheet\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.cfainstitute.org\/investor\/2011\/11\/21\/european-sovereign-debt-crisis-fact-sheet\/\">European sovereign debt crisis<\/a> to 5 November 2009, when Greece revealed that its budget deficit was 12.7% of gross domestic product (GDP), more than twice what the country had previously disclosed. However, the real origins of the crisis can be traced to the very structures that govern Europe&#8217;s institutions and to <a title=\"Key Players in the European Sovereign Debt Crisis\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.cfainstitute.org\/investor\/2011\/12\/01\/key-players-in-the-european-sovereign-debt-crisis\/\">the players that govern\u00a0European institutions<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">The creation of the European Union as we know it today began with ratification of the Maastricht Treaty on 7 February 1992. The Maastricht Treaty provisions imposed stringent economic requirements, known as &#8220;convergence criteria,&#8221; that member states are required to meet before they could gain admittance to the common currency zone that has come to be known as the eurozone.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><!--more-->Among these convergence criteria are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Price developments:<\/strong> These requirements are designed to ensure that member nations have low and stable inflation. Inflation in the year preceeding potential admittance to the eurozone can only be 1.5% more than the average of the three best-performing member states. In practice, the rate of inflation used to determine if this criterion is met is the preceeding 12-month average of the Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices \u2014 the EU-wide inflation index.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Fiscal developments:<\/strong> These requirements are designed to ensure a prospective member state has a strong fiscal condition. Among the requirements are budget deficits that cannot exceed 3% of GDP unless a nation finds itself in exceptional and temporary circumstances. Total sovereign debt amounts cannot exceed 60% of GDP. Both of these criteria are waived if there is evidence of substantial and continuous declines.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Exchange-rate developments:<\/strong> These requirements are designed to ensure stability of a member state&#8217;s currency exchange rate before gaining admittance. Specifically, a prospective member cannot have devalued its currency relative to any other member state&#8217;s currency for the preceding two years. Additionally, the currency must trade in a narrow band of \u00b12.25% around other member states&#8217; currencies.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">The Maastricht Treaty failed, however, to provide enforcement mechanisms should a member state fail to meet the convergence criteria. Instead of enforcement mechanisms, the only provision is for the European Commission to prepare a report for the opinion of the <a title=\"Economic and Financial Committee\" href=\"http:\/\/europa.eu\/efc\/about\/index_en.htm\">Economic and Financial Committee<\/a>, a body set up under the terms of the Treaty.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Admittance to the eurozone promised great economic rewards as nations whose sovereign credit ratings were lower than those of the strongest member states would be able to borrow money as if they too had the superior rating. In addition, the common currency held the promise of preventing trading partners from devaluing their currency, forcing all eurozone members to compete on a level playing field. And with a European economy that featured a common currency, but that excluded centralized fiscal policy, it required individual nations to proactively manage their trade balance, lest such imbalances result in excess debt.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Thus, the coupling of tremendous economic rewards for admittance to the eurozone with no enforcement mechanism for nations failing to meet the convergence criteria created an incentive-rich environment for nations to overburden themselves with debt without much fear of reprisal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">In fact, as was later revealed, Greece was able to lie its way into the eurozone. This was disclosed by Eurostat in its 22 November 2004 report titled, &#8220;<a title=\"The Report by Eurostat on the Revision of the Greek Government Deficit and Debt Figures\" href=\"http:\/\/epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu\/cache\/ITY_PUBLIC\/GREECE\/EN\/GREECE-EN.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Report by Eurostat on the Revision of the Greek Government Deficit and Debt Figures<\/a>.&#8221; Eurostat reported that Greece&#8217;s 2003 budget deficit had actually been 4.6% of GDP, rather than the previously reported 1.7% of GDP. Additionally, the three Greek budget deficits of 2000\u20132002 were all revised upward by more than 2%. Meanwhile, total government debt figures were revised upward by more than 7%. As the authors of the report stated bluntly: &#8220;Data revisions of such a scale have given rise to questions about the reliability of the Greek statistics on public finances.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Though it would be easy to exclusively blame Greece for the European sovereign debt crisis of 2009\u20132012, Greece&#8217;s debt problems are best viewed as a spark on a stack of kindling. The International Monetary Fund estimates that, from 2006 to projected year-end 2012, total debt in the eurozone will have increased from \u20ac5,870 billion to \u20ac8,714 billion, an increase of \u20ac2,844 billion. By comparison, GDP has grown from \u20ac8,568 billion in 2006 to an estimated \u20ac9,687 billion in 2012, an increase of \u20ac1,119 billion.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">In other words, it is projected that absolute debt levels in the eurozone will have grown 2.5 times faster than GDP.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Using the IMF&#8217;s projected figures for 2012 debt and GDP, here are the compound annual growth rates for debt and GDP for each member of the eurozone:<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Projected Debt to GDP Growth Rates 2006-2012<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: center; width: 22%; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Debt CAGR 2006-2012<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: center; width: 22%; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>GDP CAGR 2006-2012<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: center; width: 22%; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Debt\/GDP CAGR 2006-2012<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Austria<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">5.2%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">2.8%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">1.85<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Belgium<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">3.9%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">2.9%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">1.35<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Cyprus<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">4.2%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">3.8%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">1.11<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Estonia<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">7.0%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">3.4%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">2.06<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Finland<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">6.4%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">2.9%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">2.24<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>France<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">6.9%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">1.9%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">3.71<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Germany<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">4.6%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">1.8%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">2.51<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Greece<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">9.0%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">0.4%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">23.36<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Ireland<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">22.8%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">\u20131.4%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">(15.86)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Italy<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">3.1%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">1.3%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">2.51<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Luxembourg<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">23.7%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">4.7%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">5.04<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Malta<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">5.0%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">4.6%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">1.10<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Netherlands<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">7.2%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">2.1%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">3.44<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Portugal<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">9.3%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">0.9%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">10.48<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Slovak Republic<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">10.4%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">3.8%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">2.72<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Slovenia<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">11.9%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">3.1%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">3.78<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Spain<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">10.5%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">1.8%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">5.80<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">As you can see each member of the eurozone&#8217;s debt is growing faster than its GDP \u2014 an unsustainable position in the long term.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><!--more-->Below are the IMF&#8217;s projections of debt-to-GDP ratios for 2012:<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Debt-to-GDP Ratios for 2012<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 80%; margin-left: 10%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: center; width: 20%; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Debt to GDP<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: center; width: 20%; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Rank<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Austria<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">73.9%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">8<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Belgium<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">94.3%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Cyprus<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">66.4%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">11<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Estonia<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">5.6%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">17<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Finland<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">50.3%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">13<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>France<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">89.4%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">6<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Germany<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">81.9%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">7<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Greece<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">189.1%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Ireland<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">115.4%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Italy<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">121.4%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Luxembourg<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">21.5%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">16<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Malta<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">66.1%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">12<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Netherlands<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">66.5%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">10<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Portugal<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">111.8%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">4<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Slovak Republic<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">46.9%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">15<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Slovenia<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">47.2%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">14<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: left; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Spain<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">70.2%<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 3%; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; border: 1px solid gray;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Nearly all eurozone members \u2014 13 of 17 countries \u2014 have debt levels exceeding the convergence criteria maximum of 60%. Among this group are the large economies \u2014 Germany (81.9%), France (89.4%), Italy (121.4%), and Spain (70.2%). The projected 2012 debt of these four nations alone totals \u20ac6,732 billion, versus projected 2012 GDP of \u20ac7,410 \u2014 a debt-to-GDP ratio of 90.9%, a full 51.4% higher than the 60% maximum required by the convergence criteria. [CFA Institute has additional <a title=\"Statistics Germane to the European Sovereign Debt Crisis\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.cfainstitute.org\/investor\/2011\/11\/14\/statistics-germane-to-the-european-sovereign-debt-crisis\/\">statistics that help explain the European sovereign debt crisis<\/a>.]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Thus the European sovereign debt crisis is truly a European crisis, and not just a crisis for the Greeks to resolve.\u00a0 Furthermore,<a title=\"European Sovereign Debt Crisis Unresolved Issues\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.cfainstitute.org\/investor\/2011\/11\/10\/european-sovereign-debt-crisis-littany-of-unresolved-issues-looms-large\/\"> a littany of unresolved issues is remaining for European leadership to address before the crisis ends.<\/a>\u00a0 One example being the large number of<a title=\"European Debt Crisis You Are Not Hearing About\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.cfainstitute.org\/investor\/2011\/12\/14\/the-potential-european-debt-crisis-you-are-not-hearing-about\/\"> mortgages\u00a0issued pre-The Great Recession denominated in Euro, US dollars and Swiss francs\u00a0to EU members&#8217; citizens\u00a0where\u00a0the euro is not\u00a0their home currency<\/a>.<!--more-->Another factor driving the European sovereign debt crisis is the health of the balance sheets of Europe&#8217;s banks, which hold hundreds of billions of euros of eurozone sovereign debt. According to a 23 July 2010 stress test, conducted by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Europe&#8217;s largest financial institutions have \u20ac286.2 billion in trading book exposures and \u20ac1,400.5 billion of banking book exposures. Combined, this amounts to \u20ac1,686.7 billion of exposure. Put another way, total eurozone sovereign debt in 2010 was reported to be \u20ac7,862, meaning that eurozone banks hold 21.5% of the debt of eurozone member states.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">On 27 October 2011, eurozone members approved a new bailout mechanism. One pillar of the plan was to increase tier 1 capital ratios (CT1) from 5% to 9% at an estimated cost of \u20ac106 billion to the largest banks in Europe. From these figures, one can deduce that CT1 levels are currently \u20ac132.5 billion. If increased from 5% to 9% then CT1 levels will be \u20ac238.5 billion. By comparison, the largest European banking institutions held \u20ac1,686.7 billion of eurozone sovereign debt in 2010. This means that CT1 is large enough only to absorb a decline in European sovereign debt of 14.1% (or \u20ac238.5 \u00f7 \u20ac1,686.7), an amount well below the declines experienced in other major financial crises.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Finally, according the<a title=\"European Banking Authority\" href=\"http:\/\/www.eba.europa.eu\/\"> European Banking Authority<\/a> (EBA), Europe&#8217;s 16 largest financial institutions hold \u20ac386 billion of potentially suspect credit market and real estate assets. This compares to an estimated \u20ac339 billion of total debt holdings from Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, and Spain by these same institutions. Again, this \u20ac386 billion of holdings by these 16 banks compares to the current CT1 of Europe&#8217;s largest 90 banks of just \u20ac132.5 billion.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Thus in summary Europe&#8217;s sovereign debt crisis contains, at its heart, two crises \u2014 both of which originate in questionable choices on debt financing and investing: first, European sovereign deficits and debt growing to unsustainable levels; and second, European financial institutions holding large amounts of European sovereign debt, as well as hundreds of billions of euros worth of depressed-value real-estate assets. The crisis results from both the high correlation between the fortunes of eurozone sovereigns and their financial institutions, as well as the restrictive political decision-making structure imposed by the Maastricht Treaty.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><!--more--><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>European Sovereign Debt Crisis Timeline (*Critical Events Noted in Red)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>1945<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 27:<\/strong> Establishment of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>1992<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>February 7<\/strong>:<\/span> The Maastrict Treaty is signed creating the European Union (EU). As a part of the treaty, members are required to adjust their economies to meet vigorous criteria to serve as the f0undation for a common currency area, the eurozone. Among the requirements: price developments (i.e., low and stable inflation); fiscal developments (i.e., low deficits\/debt and pro-growth policies); and exchange rate developments (i.e., stable exchange rates). The most important factor with regard to the European sovereign debt crisis will prove to be the fiscal requirements, more specifically, the requirement that 1) deficits should not exceed 3% of GDP; and 2) total debt should not exceed 60% of GDP. Additionally, no provisions are put in place for ejecting a member state in the event that the government manipulates domestic financial data in order to gain admittance to the EU.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>1999<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>January 1<\/strong>:<\/span> The eurozone, the common currency area, comes into existence after 11 EU member states met the convergence criteria in 1998. Each member of the eurozone must unanimously approve of any policy direction.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>2000<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 19:<\/strong> Greece is admitted to the eurozone after it is determined that it has met the convergence criteria.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>2004<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>November 22<\/strong>:<\/span> <a title=\"REPORT BY EUROSTAT ON THE REVISION OF THE GREEK GOVERNMENT DEFICIT AND DEBT FIGURES\" href=\"http:\/\/epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu\/cache\/ITY_PUBLIC\/GREECE\/EN\/GREECE-EN.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Greece admits that it lied about its government&#8217;s fiscal convergence criteria in order to gain admittance to the eurozone<\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>2009<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 5:<\/strong> New Greek Prime Minister, George Papandreou, announces that Greece&#8217;s annual budget deficit will be 12.7% of GDP \u2014 more that twice the previously announced figure.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 8:<\/strong> Fitch Ratings cuts Greece&#8217;s sovereign credit rating to BBB+ from A-. The outlook is &#8220;negative.&#8221;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 9:<\/strong> Ireland announces a fiscal plan that will provide savings of \u20ac4 billion, in part by raising the public pension retirement age from 65 to 66 years.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 14:<\/strong> Papandreou outlines the details of his government&#8217;s first austerity package.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 16:<\/strong> Standard &amp; Poor&#8217;s cuts Greece&#8217;s sovereign credit rating to BBB+ from A-.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 22:<\/strong> Moody&#8217;s cuts Greece&#8217;s sovereign credit rating to A2 from A1.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>2010<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>January 14:<\/strong> Greece announces its Stability and Growth Program, which is designed to cut the country&#8217;s budget deficit from 12.7% in 2009 to 2.8% by 2012. This would bring the deficit into alignment with the convergence criteria outlined in the Maastricht Treaty.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>January 29:<\/strong> Spain announces austerity measures designed to save the nation \u20ac50 billion by cutting government spending by 4% of GDP and cutting government employees&#8217; pay by 4%.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>February 2:<\/strong> Greece&#8217;s federal government freezes the wages of public employees earning less than \u20ac2,000 per month.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Februay 3:<\/strong> The European Commission endorses Greece&#8217;s Stability and Growth Program and urges the nation to reduce its overall wage costs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>February 9:<\/strong> Greece puts in place its first austerity package.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>March 5:<\/strong> Greece puts in place its second austerity package, which is designed to save \u20ac4.8 billion.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>March 15:<\/strong> Finance ministers of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) countries agree to help Greece but provide no details.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>March 18:<\/strong> Papandreou warns that borrowing costs are too high, putting pressure on the deficit and increasing the likelihood of a bailout from the IMF.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>March 25:<\/strong> President of the European Central Bank (ECB), Jean-Claude Trichet, extends less-restrictive collateral rules in order to prevent the possibility that one ratings agency determines whether a EMU country&#8217;s bonds are eligible for use as ECB collateral.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>April 9:<\/strong> Greece announces a reduction in debt of 39.2%.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>April 11:<\/strong> EMU leaders agree to a bailout plan for Greece.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>April 13:<\/strong> ECB voices its support for the Greek rescue plan announced by the EMU on 11 April.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>April 22:<\/strong> Eurostat, the EU&#8217;s statistical agency, announces that Greece&#8217;s 2009 budget deficit was 13.6% of GDP, not the previously reported 12.7%.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>April 23:<\/strong> Greece realizes that its austerity packages are not enough to save itself fiscally and asks for a bailout from the eurozone and the IMF.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>April 27:<\/strong> Standard &amp; Poor&#8217;s downgrades Greece&#8217;s sovereign credit rating below investment-grade status. Standard &amp; Poor&#8217;s also downgrades the sovereign debt of Portugal by two notches.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>April 28:<\/strong> Standard &amp; Poor&#8217;s downgrades Spain&#8217;s sovereign credit rating from AAA to AA-.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 1:<\/strong> Greece proposes its third austerity package.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>May 2<\/strong>:<\/span> Greece, the eurozone nations, and the IMF agree to a \u20ac110 billion bailout plan. Eurozone nations will provide \u20ac80 billion and the IMF \u20ac30 billion.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 3:<\/strong> ECB announces that it will accept Greek sovereign debt as collateral no matter the country&#8217;s rating.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 4:<\/strong> Greece&#8217;s third austerity package is put to parliament for a vote.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 6:<\/strong> Spreading anxiety about the eurozone&#8217;s inability to stem the Greek sovereign debt crisis sends financial markets across the world sharply down.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>May 9<\/strong>:<\/span> The eurozone nations create the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) and fund it initially with \u20ac440 billion in capital. Additional firewall protection is put in place by the European Financial Stabilization Mechanism, which pledges to make loans of up to \u20ac60 billion, and the IMF, which pledges \u20ac250 billion to the effort. The total amount of the package is \u20ac750 billion.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 13:<\/strong> Portugal&#8217;s government announces plans to step up its budget deficit reduction.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 18:<\/strong> Germany announces a ban on &#8220;naked&#8221; short selling of shares in its top-10 largest financial institutions, as well as eurozone government bonds and related credit default swaps.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 24:<\/strong> Greece announces that it has reduced its federal budget deficit by 41.5% in the first four months of 2010.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 25:<\/strong> Italy agrees to a fiscal austerity package worth \u20ac25 billion designed to reduce its budget deficit to 2.7% by 2012 from 5.3% in 2009.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 27:<\/strong> Spain&#8217;s parliament approves a \u20ac15 billion austerity package. The measure passes by one vote.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 29:<\/strong> Fitch Ratings downgrades Spain&#8217;s sovereign credit rating from AAA to AA+.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 4:<\/strong> Hungary&#8217;s Prime Minister, Viktor Orb\u00e1n, states that it is a very real possibility that his nation may default on its sovereign debt obligations.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 7:<\/strong> Germany agrees to an austerity package worth \u20ac80 billion over three years. The measure is designed to serve as a model of fiscal austerity for all of Europe.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 14:<\/strong> Moody&#8217;s cuts the sovereign debt rating of Greece to Ba1, junk status.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 15:<\/strong> ECB announces that it will apply a 5% surcharge to Greek debt offered to it as collateral to account for Greece&#8217;s credit downgrade.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 16:<\/strong> France announces austerity measures by raising its public pension program&#8217;s retirement age from 60 to 62 years by 2018.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 24:<\/strong> The cost of credit default swaps (CDS) to ensure Greek debt hits a record; it now costs \u20ac958,000 to insure \u20ac10 million worth of Greek sovereign debt.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 25:<\/strong> Protests in Italy lead to the Italian government reducing the size of its \u20ac25 billion austerity package, which was announced 25 May 2010.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 29\u201330:<\/strong> Greece&#8217;s parliament approves, in separate votes, its third austerity package.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>July 5:<\/strong> Greece&#8217;s central bank, Bank of Greece, announces a reduction in the nation&#8217;s deficit of 41.8% for the first six months of 2010.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>July 7:<\/strong> Germany agrees to a \u20ac80 billion austerity package to be implemented over four years. The maneuver is designed to shore up sagging support for German Chancellor Angela Merkel.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>July 13:<\/strong> Moody&#8217;s cuts the sovereign debt rating of Portugal to A1.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>July 23<\/strong>:<\/span> European banks undergo &#8220;stress tests&#8221; to evaluate their ability to absorb losses in the case of greater financial turmoil. Of the 91 institutions tested, 17 barely pass and 7 fail. Many observers feel, however, that the tests are flawed and do not actually constitute a legitimate test of European financial institutions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>July 29:<\/strong> Italy&#8217;s austerity package of \u20ac25 billion, announced on 25 May 2010, passes Italy&#8217;s lower house of parliament.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>August 5:<\/strong> The so-called troika of eurozone finance ministers \u2014 the IMF, ECB, and EU \u2014 applaud the austerity measures undertaken by Greece, endorsing an additional \u20ac9 billion payment to Greece.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>August 11:<\/strong> The eurozone&#8217;s poorest member, Slovakia, refuses to commit \u20ac816 million to the \u20ac110 billion Greek bailout fund.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>August 24:<\/strong> Standard &amp; Poor&#8217;s cuts the sovereign debt rating of Ireland to AA-.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>September 5:<\/strong> Credit spreads on Greek debt widen to around 800 basis points (i.e., 8.0%).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>September 7:<\/strong> Members of the eurozone approve a second tranche of bailout monies for Greece amounting to \u20ac6.5 billion.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>September 11:<\/strong> The IMF approves a second tranche of bailout monies for Greece amounting to \u20ac2.6 billion.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>October 31:<\/strong> Merkel backs Bundestag proposals that will make bondholders pay for any future eurozone debt crises.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 13:<\/strong> Irish debts sell off as anxiety about an Irish sovereign debt interest payment holiday grips bondholders, sending the credit spread of Ireland&#8217;s 10-year bond to 652 basis points (i.e., 6.52%) over a German bond of comparable maturity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 16:<\/strong> Ireland begins talks with eurozone nations about a bailout.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>November 28<\/strong>:<\/span> Ireland agrees with the other eurozone members and the IMF to a \u20ac85 billion bailout package.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>2011<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>January 14:<\/strong> Fitch Ratings downgrades Greek sovereign debt to BB+, or junk status.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 2:<\/strong> Greek finance minister, George Papaconstantinou, rules out restructuring Greece&#8217;s debt and expresses hope that the eurozone nations and the IMF will extend loan payments under the bailout package.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>May 17<\/strong>:<\/span> Portugal agrees with the other Eurozone members and the IMF to a \u20ac78 billion bailout package.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 21:<\/strong> Papandreou and senior officials from the ECB agree that Greece must avoid restructuring its debt to resolve the crisis. Both parties emphasize that fiscal austerity for Greece is the way to resolve the crisis.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 23:<\/strong> Greece unveils its intent to privatize certain industries in an attempt to raise \u20ac50 billion to pay down its sovereign debt.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 9:<\/strong> German finance minister, Wolfgang Sch\u00e4uble, in an open letter to the European and international communities states, &#8220;Any additional financial support for Greece has to involve a fair burden of sharing between taxpayers and private investors.&#8221;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 11:<\/strong> Head of the eurozone finance ministers, Jean-Claude Juncker, backs Germany&#8217;s proposal for a &#8220;soft restructuring&#8221; of Greek debt. Additionally, he says that any contribution from private creditors be &#8220;voluntary.&#8221;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 17:<\/strong> Merkel and French President Nicolas Sarkozy agree that private creditors of Greek debt will have a voluntary role in resolving the Greek debt crisis. This is a reversal from earlier, stronger statements, in which both leaders were strongly in favor of private creditors taking substantial losses on the value of their Greek sovereign debt.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>June 18<\/strong>:<\/span> Merkel agrees to work with the ECB to help resolve the Greek sovereign debt crisis. This is a reversal from her previous reticence.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 29:<\/strong> Greece&#8217;s parliament agrees to the terms of the fourth austerity package.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>July 15:<\/strong> Italy&#8217;s parliament agrees to its first austerity package.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>July 21:<\/strong> The eurozone members agree to enlarge the size of the EFSF&#8217;s capital guarantees to \u20ac780 billion. Additionally, the lending capacity is raised to \u20ac440 billion.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>August 24:<\/strong> France announces a \u20ac12 billion deficit-reduction package that raises taxes on the wealthy and closes tax loopholes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>September 14:<\/strong> Italy&#8217;s parliament agrees to its second austerity package to try to save \u20ac124 billion.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>September 18:<\/strong> Standard &amp; Poor&#8217;s downgrades its credit ratings of 24 Italian banks, 7 of which are major institutions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>September 19:<\/strong> Standard &amp; Poor&#8217;s downgrades Italy&#8217;s sovereign debt rating from A+ to A-, outlook negative.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>September 29:<\/strong> Hopes for a resolution to the European sovereign debt crisis improve when Germany&#8217;s legislature, the Bundestag, approves an expanded bailout plan.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>October 4:<\/strong> Anxiety grows that the Franco-Belgian bank Dexia may need to be bailed out due to its exposure to European sovereign debt.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>October 7:<\/strong> Fitch Ratings cuts the sovereign debt rating of Italy from AA- to A+; it also cuts the sovereign debt rating of Spain to AA- from AA+.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>October 10<\/strong>:<\/span> Dexia is nationalized.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>October 13:<\/strong> Standard &amp; Poor&#8217;s cuts the sovereign debt rating of Spain to AA- from AA, outlook negative.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>October 13:<\/strong> Enlargement of the EFSF is approved by all of the eurozone nations.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>October 27<\/strong>:<\/span> Members of the eurozone agree on a new plan to resolve the European sovereign debt crisis. Important provisions include: asking holders of Greek debt to cut the value of their holdings by 50%; increasing the tier 1 capital of European banks to 9% (approximately \u20ac106 billion); and leveraging the capacity of the EFSF up to \u20ac1 trillion.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>October 28:<\/strong> EFSF&#8217;s CEO, Klaus Regling, travels to China to try to get Chinese support for the expanded EFSF. He leaves without reaching an agreement.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>October 31:<\/strong> Papandreou shocks the world by calling for a Greek referendum vote on the new eurozone bailout proposal.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 3:<\/strong> Papandreou backs down from his referendum request after members of his own political party desert him in parliament.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 5:<\/strong> Papandreou&#8217;s ruling parliamentary party narrowly wins a vote of confidence.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 6:<\/strong> Papandreou works with other Greek politicians to negotiate his resignation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 11:<\/strong> The new Greek prime minister, Lucas Papademos, is sworn in along with a new coalition government.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 12:<\/strong> Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi resigns his post clearing the way for a new government headed by the new prime minister, Mario Monti, a former EU commissioner. The hope is that Monti&#8217;s new government will help to restore investor confidence in Italy&#8217;s ability to resolve its sovereign debt crisis.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 20: <\/strong>With yields on Spanish sovereign debt hitting highs, the center-right opposition People&#8217;s party (PP) of Mariano Rajoy wins Spain&#8217;s general election. The country&#8217;s Socialist prime minister is the third leader within a two-week period to be felled by economic malaise and the eurozone crisis.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 21:<\/strong> Debt yields across the eurozone rise dramatically as investors become increasingly skittish about Europe\u2019s prospects for resolving its crisis.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>November 23:<\/strong><\/span> Germany, the eurozone\u2019s most economically secure country, offers \u20ac6 billion of 10-year bonds to the market, and the offering is significantly undersubscribed with only \u20ac3.644 billion being placed.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 23:<\/strong> Belgium asks France to increase its contribution to the bailout of Dexia, adding stress to France\u2019s vulnerable AAA credit rating.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 30:<\/strong> U.S. Federal Reserve adjusts its dollar liquidity swap arrangements in coordination with the central banks of Canada, Europe, and Japan. Effectively this makes it easier for Europe&#8217;s banking institutions to raise capital. Global stock markets rally, some were more than 4% up.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 1:<\/strong> Bank of England governor, Mervyn King, states that moves by global central banks the day before do not address the real problems facing the eurozone and EU nations, and he states that sovereign debt problems are a &#8220;systemic crisis.&#8221;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 1:<\/strong> European Central Bank president Mario Draghi states that the ECB might be willing to expand its European bond purchase program if European governments implement greater fiscal controls.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 5:<\/strong> Standard &amp; Poor&#8217;s places the debt of 15 of the 17 Eurozone nations on credit watch: negative. This means that there is a 50:50 chance of a downgrade in the next 30 days.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 8:<\/strong> ECB President Mario Draghi states, &#8220;We shouldn&#8217;t try to circumvent the spirit of the [Maastricht] treaty, no matter what the legal trick is,&#8221; in response to calls for the ECB to do more to help mitigate the European Sovereign Debt Crisis.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 9:<\/strong> Moody\u2019s credit ratings agency downgrades of three major French banks \u2014 BNP Paribas, Cr\u00e9dit Agricole (down to Aa3), and Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale (to A1) \u2014 due to a lack of investor appetite for their debt.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 9:<\/strong> Leaders of the 17 eurozone governments, along with additional agreement from some European Union members, all agree to greater centralization of their budgets and automatic punishment for those who break the budget accord. Many investors had wanted and expected greater bolstering of the bailout mechanism by an additional \u20ac200 billion.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 12:<\/strong> Italian and Spanish bond yields rise, which many see as a vote of low-confidence on the long-term efficacy of eurozone measures agreed to on 9 December.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 13:<\/strong> The European Financial Stability Facility raises \u20ac1.972 billion at an auction of three-month treasury bills at an average yield of 0.2222% and a bid-to-cover ratio of 3.2x. The success of the offering eases pressure on financial markets.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 14:<\/strong> Italian debt yields hit 6.47% from 6.29% in the latest auction of 5-year bonds.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 16:<\/strong> Primer Minister of Italy, Mario Monti, wins wide Chamber of Deputies support (402 vs. 75) for his emergency austerity budget of \u20ac30 billion.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 19:<\/strong> Bad debt ratio (i.e., loans at least 3-months in arrears) for Spain\u2019s banking sector reaches 7.42% or \u20ac131.9 billion. That is equivalent to 13% of Spain&#8217;s gross domestic product.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 20:<\/strong> Spain sells 5.64 billion of three- and six-month treasuries at an average yield of 1.735%, down from the previous sale\u2019s 5.11% on 22 November. Most credit the ECB\u2019s move to provide banks with three-year loans for the increased investor confidence.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 30:<\/strong> Italy sees funding costs remain stubbornly high as it sells 10-year bonds at 6.98%, barely below the 7% threshold that many consider the dividing line between solvency and insolvency; all within the context of the \u20ac30 billion austerity package announced 16 December.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>2012<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>January 6:<\/strong> Italian debt costs jump again as 10-year bond yields rise to 7.12%, necessitating the European Central Bank to step in to markets to buy Italian and Spanish debt to help keep a lid on yields.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>January 12:<\/strong> German GDP contracted in the fourth quarter of 2011, putting additional strain on the European sovereign debt crisis as Germany is the country standing behind almost all bailout mechanisms.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>January 12:<\/strong> Spain sells \u20ac9.98 billion of 3-year treasury notes at an average yield of 3.384%, down from 5.187% at the previous 1 December auction.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>January 12:<\/strong> To the relief of many investors, Italy sells \u20ac12 billion of bills at a rate of 2.735% down from 5.952% at its most recent auction.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>January 13:<\/strong> Standard &amp; Poor&#8217;s cuts the rating of nine eurozone nations, including the AAA-rated nations of France and Austria. Furthermore, the ratings agency changes the outlook to &#8220;negative&#8221; for 13 eurozone nations.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>January 16:<\/strong> Standard &amp; Poor&#8217;s downgrades the credit rating of the EFSF from AAA to Aa+. Deteriorating economics of the EFSF\u2019s contributors is stated as the reason for the downgrade.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>January 17:<\/strong> Despite having its credit rating lowered the day before, the EFSF sells \u20ac1.501 billion of six-month treasury bills at a yield of 0.2664% and a bid-to-cover ratio of 3.1x.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>January 20:<\/strong> Negotiators come to initial terms with private investors about a writedown of Greek sovereign debt, though details are scarce.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>January 20:<\/strong> Bowing to demands made by the ECB President Mario Draghi, European Union members agree to\u00a0return to spending discipline limits.\u00a0 The agreement does not include a provision requested by Germany that EU members build debt limits into their constitutions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>January 22:<\/strong> Discussions between Greece and its creditors snag over a disagreement in the level of interest rates to be assigned to new debt issued in exchange for old sovereign debt.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>January 25:<\/strong> Defying private creditors the ECB insists that it will not agree to a writedown of its own Greek debt holdings.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>January 30:<\/strong> Under a new fiscal compact proposal, power is granted to the European Court of Justice to impose sanctions on EU member nations that do not comply with Maastrict Treaty economic targets.\u00a0 Also discussed at the discussions is the belief that\u00a0economic growth must be combined with\u00a0austerity measures\u00a0to help Europe recover from its sovereign debt woes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>February 7:<\/strong> Greek Prime Minister Lucas Papademos announces his intention to convene his nation&#8217;s leaders in order to gain consensus on budget cuts necessary to secure the next round of bailout funding from the Troika.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>February 7:<\/strong> European Central Bank agrees to exchange its Greek bonds at a price below par value\u00a0in an effort to achieve a deal between Greece and its creditors.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>February 9:<\/strong> Greece&#8217;s leaders reach an accord over cuts to budgets, wages and pensions.\u00a0 Eurozone finance ministers insist that the agreement be put to a vote of the Greek parliament before additional bailout monies be paid to Greece.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>February 10:<\/strong> German Finance Minister, Wolfgang Schaeuble, says that Greece&#8217;s new planned\u00a0austerity measures are not enough.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>February 14:<\/strong> Eurozone gross domestic product (GDP) falls by 0.3% in the fourth quarter of 2011.\u00a0 Nine of the seventeen Eurozone members saw economic contraction, including Germany.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>February 14:<\/strong> Seven of the seventeen individual European central banks craft new rules that will allow for lower quality collateral to be deposited with them by European banks.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>February 21:<\/strong> A new Greek debt deal is finally agreed to between Greece,\u00a0its creditors and Eurozone finance ministers.\u00a0 Details of the plan include: current creditors\u00a0agreeing to lose 53.5% of the face value of their debt to satsify the IMF; the ECB and other European central banks take no loss on\u00a0debt holdings with any profit made on the holdings transferred to Greece; a lower interest rate on new debts; and\u00a0the oversight of a debt servicing account by official creditors.\u00a0 The next step is getting a large percentage of the debt holders to agree to the debt swap that will allow for new bailout monies to be given to Greece.\u00a0 Particularly controversial is the Greek legislature&#8217;s retroactive change to debt covenants executed by passage of a new law called &#8220;collective action clauses.&#8221;\u00a0 The new debt deal triggers fears about whether or not the agreement constitutes a default and thus massive payouts on credit default swaps (CDS).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>February 24:<\/strong> Greece formally launches its debt swap plan for private creditors, the Private Sector Initiative (PSI).\u00a0 The Finance Ministry needs at least 90% of the face amount of the bonds to participate in the deal for it to proceed without it constituting a default event.\u00a0 However, a separate threshold of 75% tendered is also thought to be acceptable under an agreement with private sector creditors.\u00a0 It is uncertain what recourse creditors who do not tender their bonds will have under this alternate plan.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>February 25:<\/strong> Organization for Economic Cooperating and Development (OECD) figures show that Greeks, contrary to popular opinion, actually work the most number of hours in Europe.\u00a0 However, Greece is also amongst the least productive nations in the survey.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>February 28:<\/strong> ECB announces that Greek sovereign debt can no longer be used as collateral.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>February 28:<\/strong> Standard and Poors (S&amp;P) announces that it considers Greece to be in default on its sovereign debt obligations.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>February 28:<\/strong> Much attention is paid to the International Swaps and Derivative Association&#8217;s (ISDA) discussions about whether or not the Greek debt restructuring plan will constitute a default event.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>February 29:<\/strong> ECB lends \u20ac529.5 billion of inexpensive three-year loans to 800 different lenders. These loans are in addition to \u20ac489.2 billion to 523 banks in late December 2012.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>February 29:<\/strong> It is announced that among the beneficiaries of the write-down\u00a0exemption clause in the new Greek debt deal is the European Investment Bank (EIB), which also has its bonds.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>February 29:<\/strong> Head of Germany\u2019s Bundesbank, Jens Weidmann, publicly criticizes the ECB\u2019s relaxation of collateral rules.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>March 1:<\/strong> The International Swaps and Derivatives Association declares that the recent Greek debt restructuring does not constitute a default event.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>March 1:<\/strong> It&#8217;s announced that unemployment in the eurozone hit 10.7% in January 2012.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>March 2:<\/strong> Spanish Prime Minister <a title=\"BBC News - Profile: Spain's Mariano Rajoy \" href=\"http:\/\/bbc.in\/HHhzeh\">Mariano Rajoy<\/a> announces that Spain will violate its budget target for the year. The announcement is in contravention to the recently agreed to fiscal compact.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>March 9:<\/strong> ECB President Mario Draghi states that the central bank has done enough to combat the sovereign debt crisis, thus laying the ground work for exiting record low interest rates and economic stimulus.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>March 9:<\/strong> Greece closes a \u20ac200 billion ($266 billion) restructuring deal with its creditors. The ISDA declares that the restructuring does constitute a credit event and that there will be payouts to holders of credit default swaps.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>March 13:<\/strong> EU finance ministers vote to suspend payments to Hungary because of its failure to hit budget targets.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>March 13:<\/strong> Spain bows to pressure from EU finance ministers and agrees to make bigger budget cuts than originally intended on 2 March 2012.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>March 14:<\/strong> Eurozone governments agree to a second bailout program for Greece in the amount of \u20ac130 billion ($169 billion) in conjunction with funds from the International Monetary Fund.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>March 16:<\/strong> Spain\u2019s central bank announces that the nation\u2019s debt has hit 68.5% of gross domestic product (GDP)\u00a0\u2014 the highest level since 1990.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>March 16: <\/strong>IMF formally approves its share of bailout funds for Greece: \u20ac28 billion.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>March 19: <\/strong>EFSF bonds are sold in the amount of \u20ac1.5 billion for 20-year paper. The issue is nearly 3x oversubscribed.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>March 20: <\/strong>Greece formally votes to accept its second round of bailout funds: 213 for the bailout, 79 opposed, and 8 abstaining.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>March 26: <\/strong>A Japanese finance minister indicates that his nation is interested in lending more money to the European bailout fund, the EFSF.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>March 26: <\/strong>The ECB allows its member central banks to reject certain types of collateral being offered to them by financial institutions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>March 27: <\/strong>The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) urges eurozone states to increase the size of their crisis firewall to at least \u20ac1 trillion.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>March 28: <\/strong>In a reversal from October\/November 2011, China announces its intention to contribute to European bailout funds.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>March 29: <\/strong>Strikes spread throughout Spain in protest to increased austerity measures insisted upon by eurozone leaders.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>March 30: <\/strong>European leaders commit to a new \u20ac500 billion firewall to be added to the current firewall amount of \u20ac300 billion. The amount is lower than many expected.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>March 30:<\/strong> Greece states that it may need a third bailout.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>April 1:<\/strong> A number of large European banks that received funds in the European Central Bank\u2019s <a title=\"Eurozone Crisis: The ECB\u2019s Long-Term Refinancing Operation Has Tamed Spreads, But Now What?\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.cfainstitute.org\/investor\/2012\/05\/10\/eurozone-crisis-the-ecbs-long-term-refinancing-operation-has-tamed-spreads-but-now-what\/\">Long-Term Refinancing Operation (LTRO)<\/a> announce that they are returning large portions of the inexpensive three-year funding they received. Banks include Italy\u2019s UniCredit, France\u2019s BNP Paribas and Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale, and Spain\u2019s La Caixa.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>April 2:<\/strong> Eurostat, the EU\u2019s statistics agency, announces that the eurozone unemployment rate ticked up to 17.134 million people, or 10.8%. This is the highest level since June 1997. Furthermore, the manufacturing index contracted to 47.7.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>April 5:<\/strong> An International Monetary Fund official, Gerry Rice, states that Spain faces &#8220;severe&#8221; challenges. He highlights the poor grip Spain has on its regions\u2019 indebtedness and growing borrowing needs and commensurate interest cost increases.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>April 9:<\/strong> Spain states that it will cut \u20ac10 billion in spending on education and on health.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>April 10:<\/strong> The <em>Wall Street Journal<\/em> reports that in the first quarter European companies sought debt financing more from public markets than from banks in a marked change from normal practice. Many speculators have fretted about how the EU can grow if its businesses do not have access to bank funding.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>April 11:<\/strong> A German bond auction goes uncovered as investors balk at the record low rates being offered.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>April 11:<\/strong> Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy states that Spain\u2019s future is on the line in its efforts to tame rising debt yields.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>April 12:<\/strong> Greece\u2019s unemployment rate rose to 21.8% in January.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>April 16:<\/strong> Spain warns its regions that it may seize control of their finances in order to help shore up ailing finances.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>April 19:<\/strong> Denmark\u2019s largest banks fire Moody\u2019s Investors Service in rating the nation\u2019s debts due to the volatile nature of the ratings.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>April 23:<\/strong> Bloomberg reports that in 2011 the total debt level in the eurozone rose to its highest level ever.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>April 24:<\/strong> Budget plan in Spain is passed with the toughest austerity measures since the Franco dictatorship.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>April 24:<\/strong> The auction of the European Financial Stability Facility\u2019s latest debt issue goes well with a 2.2x over subscription and a 77 basis point pricing (at the low end of the offering sheet).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>April 26:<\/strong> Momentum grows for revising the EU treaty to spell out how countries can implement growth, not just enforce budgetary discipline.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>April 27:<\/strong> Standard &amp; Poor&#8217;s downgrades Spain two notches to BBB+ because of the increased severity of its recession.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>April 30:<\/strong> According to data released by Eurostat, eight nations in the eurozone are in recession: Spain, Belgium, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Slovenia. In the greater 27 nation EU, the United Kingdom, Denmark, and the Czech Republic are also all in recession.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 1:<\/strong> Thousands protest austerity measures in Greek May Day rally.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 2:<\/strong> Eurostat announces that unemployment has risen to a 15-year high of 10.9%.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 5:<\/strong> The presidential election in France brings to power the first socialist in over a decade, Fran\u04abois Hollande.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 5:<\/strong> Greek parliamentary elections usher in new parties mostly opposed to austerity deals negotiated with the Troika. Many begin to fear a Greek exit from the eurozone.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 7:<\/strong> Klaus Regling of the EFSF says that the funds in the bailout mechanism should be more than enough to head off any eurozone crisis.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 7:<\/strong> Discussions about forming a new coalition government in Greece break down.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 11:<\/strong> Spain announces that it will force banks to increase provisions against \u20ac123 billion of\u00a0real estate loans by about \u20ac30 billion. The increased provision raises\u00a0coverage from 7% to 30%.\u00a0 The nation also announces that it will hire two auditors to value banks&#8217; assets in a fourth attempt to clean up its banking industry. Spain also says that it will provide funds to those institutions that need support of up to \u20ac15 billion and without increasing the budget deficit.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 15:<\/strong> Eurostat reports that the eurozone economy grew at 0.1% in\u00a0the first quarter 2012 as compared to the fourth quarter 2011. However, there is a growing divide between the &#8220;haves&#8221; and &#8220;have-nots&#8221; with the German economy growing 0.5%, while Italy&#8217;s contracts by 0.8%.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 15:<\/strong> Fran\u04abois Hollande is sworn in as French president then flies to Germany to meet with Chancellor Angela Merkel.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 15:<\/strong> Greece agrees to repay in full a \u20ac435 million bond after declaring earlier in the year that it would default on any investors that did not participate in its \u20ac206 billion debt swap.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 16:<\/strong> It is reported that on 14 May Greek depositors withdrew \u20ac700 million from banks sparking fears of a bank run.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 17:<\/strong> Greece swears in its caretaker government and parliament before runoff elections can be held in June.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 17:<\/strong> The European Central Bank says that it will stop lending to some banks in Greece\u00a0to limit its risk exposure to the troubled country.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 18:<\/strong> Greece&#8217;s radical left party head, Alexis Tsipras, says that if Europe cuts off funding that Greece will stop paying its debts.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 18:<\/strong> Frankfurt, Germany, sees mass anti-capitalist protests that lead to the city being shut down.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 22:<\/strong> Germany states that it is opposed to\u00a0one possible solution that is being discussed by many in the financial and political world: common Eurobonds. These bonds would be the obligation of every tax payer in the eurozone and proponents feel that it is a way of assuaging the fears of investors about debt crisis contagion.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 23:<\/strong> Germany&#8217;s central bank, the Bundesbank, says that a Greek exit from the eurozone would be substantial but manageable. These comments come in the midst of a feverish discussion about Greece&#8217;s likely exit from the eurozone.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 24:<\/strong> Heated exchanges between France and Germany about Eurobonds are reported to have taken place at the 18th European sovereign debt crisis summit in two years.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 24:<\/strong> Spanish Prime Minister\u00a0Mariano Rajoy\u00a0called on the European Central Bank\u00a0to act to bring down rising borrowing costs after Spanish bond yields approached the levels that pushed Greece, Ireland, and\u00a0Portugal\u00a0into bailouts.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 28:<\/strong> Spain moves to bail out\u00a0its\u00a0third largest bank, Bankia, with a \u20ac19 billion infusion. This effectively nationalizes the bank.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 30:<\/strong> The European Union executive branch says that the eurozone should establish a common banking union that allows each to share in the burden of bank failures; Germany objects. Addtionally, the European Commission says that funds from the new bailout facility should be allowed to be given to failing banks directly rather than pushing\u00a0their governments into bailouts. Further, the commission urges Belgium to keep a tight rein on its finances to in order to meet 2012 deficit targets.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 30:<\/strong> The European Central Bank declares it is opposed to Spain&#8217;s bailout of Bankia.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>May 30:<\/strong> Spain says that it will pay for the bailout of Bankia by issuing treasury bonds. The news sends Spanish credit default swaps (CDS) soaring.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 3:<\/strong> Germany signals that it&#8217;s hard-line approach to the European crisis may be softening as it outlines conditions for sharing more risk with other eurozone countries on the condition of individual European governments being willing to decrease their own sovereignty in favor of a united European sovereignty.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 4:<\/strong> Portugal indicates that it will inject \u20ac6.6 billion into its largest banks. Monies are to come from the \u20ac12 billion earmarked for bank bailouts in last year&#8217;s EU-IMF bailout program.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 5:<\/strong> The Group of Seven (G-7) nations agree to coordinate their response to the European sovereign debt crisis.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 7:<\/strong> Spain&#8217;s credit rating is lowered three notches by Fitch from A to BBB.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 8:<\/strong> Germany&#8217;s Angela Merkel says that her nation is prepared to do whatever is necessary to tackle the European sovereign debt crisis.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 9:<\/strong> Spain becomes the fourth European nation to seek a bailout asking the European Union for up to \u20ac100 billion in aid for its banking sector. Exact numbers are to be determined once the audit is announced.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 12:<\/strong> France says that the fiscal union proposed by Germany must be done concurrently with debt crisis measures.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 14:<\/strong> The World Bank announces it is prepared to help Eastern European nations cope with the sovereign debt crisis.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 14:<\/strong> Angela Merkel states that Germany&#8217;s financial strength &#8220;is not infinite.&#8221;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 17:<\/strong> Greece holds its runoff elections with New Democracy leader Antonis Samaras eking out a very slim victory over the socialist party&#8217;s Alexis Tsipras. Coalition talks begin the next day.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 18:<\/strong> Data released by Spain&#8217;s central bank show that bad debts held by the nation&#8217;s banks rose to an 18-year high.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 20:<\/strong> Greece forms a three-party coalition government composed of the New Democracy, Socialist, and Democratic Left parties. New Democracy leader, Antonis Samaras, is sworn in as Greek prime minister.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 20:<\/strong> Spain&#8217;s budget minister, Cristobal Montoro,\u00a0announces that\u00a0his nation\u00a0does not need a bailout from the European Union.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 22:<\/strong> Leaders from France, Germany, Italy, and Spain\u00a0back an announced\u00a0\u20ac130 billion plan to support economic growth in Europe.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 22:<\/strong> The European Central Bank states that it will now accept some mortgage-backed securities, car loans, and loans to smaller firms in exchange for loans it gives to eurozone banks. This is a significant relaxation of credit standards on the part of the ECB.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 25:<\/strong> Spain formally requests \u20ac100 billion in aid for its banks from the eurogroup\u00a0\u2014 details about the plan are scant.\u00a0 Moody&#8217;s downgrades 28 of the 33 banks in its coverage universe.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 26:<\/strong> Cyprus announces that it needs a bailout from its eurozone brethern. It is estimated that a bailout will cost \u20ac4 billion.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 26:<\/strong> Greece appoints a new finance minister, Yannis Stournaras, an economics professor.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>June 29:<\/strong> Eurozone leaders agree to a deal allowing banks to receive aid directly from the permanent bailout fund, the European Stability Mechanism. Additionally, it is announced that the ESM will not have senior status when it takes over the debt of Spanish banks. This arrangement awaits the appointment of a single banking regulator. Last, a \u20ac120 billion stimulus package is agreed to by the leaders.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>July 2:<\/strong> Unemployment in the eurozone hits 11.1%, according to Eurostat.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>July 3:<\/strong> In a reversal, the European Central Bank tightens its lending rules for\u00a0banks seeking capital via their low-cost loan program. Specifically, it caps at current levels the amount of government-guaranteed debt that banks can offer as collateral.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>July 5:<\/strong> The ECB cuts interest rates to record lows; by 25 basis points to 0.75%.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>July 5:<\/strong> Greece&#8217;s new finance minister admits that the country is off track in its debt-reduction plans.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>July 10:<\/strong> Eurozone finance ministers agree to a plan for Spain&#8217;s \u20ac100 billion bank bailout plan. It is expected that the first \u20ac30 billion will be delivered by the end of July.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>July 16:<\/strong> In a reversal, the ECB says that senior holders of Spanish bank debts will now have to accept losses. This position was initially telegraphed by ECB President Draghi on 9 July.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>July 16:<\/strong> Germany&#8217;s Federal Constitutional Court (its highest court) delays until 12 September a ruling on whether or not to suspend the European Stability Mechanism. The decision leaves the ESM only half-funded.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>July 17:<\/strong> Greece seeks extra money from creditors to cover a \u20ac3.1 billion\u00a0bond redemption maturing 20 August.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>July 18:<\/strong> Agreement is reached by the Greek coalition government on austerity measures of \u20ac11.5 billion.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>July 23:<\/strong> Mario Draghi, president of the European Central Bank, states that the euro is not in danger from a eurozone breakup.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>July 27:<\/strong> EU regulators agree to \u20ac18 billion in aid for four Greek banks: Alpha Bank AE, EFG Eurobank Ergasias SA, Piraeus Bank SA, and National Bank of Greece SA.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>August 2:<\/strong> ECB President Draghi says that the central bank is ready to buy bonds from troubled banks again.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>August 7:<\/strong> Spain&#8217;s national statistics institute (INE) announces that the number of companies operating in the country is at a five year low. Not surprisingly, the industries with the largest losses are tied to real estate and construction.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>August 10:<\/strong> It is announced that Greek unemployment\u00a0in the month of May\u00a0hit a record of 23.1%. For under 25-year olds\u00a0\u2014 the population most likely to engage in political protest\u00a0\u2014 the rate hit a staggering 54.9%.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>August 14:<\/strong> Gross domestic product (GDP) for the eurozone shrank in the second quarter by 0.2% as compared with the first quarter. Germany&#8217;s slight\u00a0outperformance compensated for underperformance in the other 16 nations of the eurozone.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>August 21:<\/strong> BdB German Banking Association announces that it wants the European Central Bank to have sole regulatory responsibility for all euro-region banks. It recommends the creation of a legally\u00a0independent body within the ECB to oversee bank supervision.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>August 22:<\/strong> Greek Prime Minister, Antonis Samaras, calls for more time to carry out policy measures designed to address his country&#8217;s debt problems. These comments were made just prior to the arrival of Luxembourg Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker. Simultaneously, a study from the Irish central bank shows that Greece has undertaken the most severe austerity measures (as measured by tax hikes and spending cuts) in EU history.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>August 28:<\/strong> It is reported, though not officially confirmed, that the ECB is pressuring\u00a0the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision\u00a0to relax the language of a drafted liquidity rule. The\u00a0ECB wants Basel&#8217;s new rule\u00a0to allow for some riskier assets, such as asset-backed securities and business loans, to qualify as legitimate assets for banks in meeting heightened capital requirements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>August 28:<\/strong> Catalonia becomes the third Spanish region to ask the nation&#8217;s central government for a \u20ac5 billion bailout.\u00a0 The region faces \u20ac5.6 billion of further bond maturities in 2012.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>August 30:<\/strong> Germany&#8217;s Association of German Chambers of Industry and Commerce (DIHK) reports that labor costs in Greece, Ireland, and Spain have dropped. Further, the countries are reported to be lowering their trade imbalances.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>September 3:<\/strong> Spaniards withdrew a record \u20ac75 billion euros from Spanish banks in July; an amount equal to 7% of gross domestic product.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>September 6:<\/strong> The IMF approves a new \u20ac920 million tranche for Ireland, the latest in financial aid that started in 2010 (see above).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>September 7:<\/strong> Herman van Rompuy publicly declares that Greece&#8217;s future is within the eurozone. His comments are designed to quell speculation that the tiny nation is set to exit the eurozone.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>September 10:<\/strong> The European Commission (i.e., its antitrust authority) approves Spain&#8217;s state aid of the BFA banking group, the parent of troubled Bankia SA. Bankia is at the forefront of the Spanish banking crisis.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>September 12:<\/strong> Germany&#8217;s Constitutional Court refuses to block ratification of the eurozone rescue facility, the European Stability Mechanism (ESM).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>September 12:<\/strong> European Commission President Jos\u00e9 Manuel Barroso unveils plans for a unified supervisory system for the eurozone to be headed by the European Central Bank.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>September 14:<\/strong> Unemployment in the eurozone is unchanged in the second quarter, according to Eurostat. This is the first non-negative number in more than a year.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>September 18:<\/strong> Greece reports that its current account entered a surplus in July of \u20ac642 million; this is the first surplus since May 2010.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>September 19:<\/strong> A European Commission proposal to give the European Central Bank responsibility for overseeing all banks in the EU is rejected by German Chancellor Angela Merkel&#8217;s ruling coalition. Also rejected is a proposal aimed at uniting deposit insurance throughout the EU. Merkel&#8217;s coalition instead suggests that only systemically important banks be subject to the new proposals.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>September 20:<\/strong> Business activity in the eurozone as measured by the &#8220;purchasing managers index&#8221; falls sequentially to 45.9 from 46.3. This is the lowest level recorded in three years. Any level below 50 indicates a contraction.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>September 22:<\/strong> French President Francois Hollande and German Chancellor Angela Merkel publicly disagree over greater integration of the EU&#8217;s banking system, with Hollande favoring it, and\u00a0Merkel not favoring it.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>September 24:<\/strong> To help bail out its regional governments Spain proposes selling \u20ac6 billion of bonds through the state-run lottery operator, Sociedad Estatal Loterias &amp; Apuestas del Estado SA.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>September 25:<\/strong> Spanish protests number 6,000 in Madrid and are broken up by police using rubber bullets.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>September 26:<\/strong> Protests in Athens, Greece, erupt in violence, and tear gas is fired at the tens of thousands or protestors.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>September 26:<\/strong> Finland, Germany, and the Netherlands all say that troubled banks&#8217; debts should not be put on the books of the European Stability Mechanism. This new position directly contradicts an agreement reached in June.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>September 27:<\/strong> Details of the latest proposed Spanish austerity measures are announced. Among them are: a 12% average cut in ministerial spending; a freeze on public sector pay; establishment of a public spending auditor; and a &#8220;cash for clunker cars&#8221; program.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>October 1:<\/strong> Bailing out its banks will widen the budget deficit of the Spanish government and increase its debt load, too.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>October 1:<\/strong> Unemployment in the eurozone reaches an all-time high of 18.2 million according to Eurostat. For those under 25 in Spain, it is 52.9%.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>October 1:<\/strong> The Greek government submits its 2013 budget draft. The plan outlines further austerity measures of around \u20ac8 billion designed to placate the nation&#8217;s lenders.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>October 2:<\/strong> Spain&#8217;s regional governments agree to budget deficit targets set by the central government. It is hoped that the agreement will allow the Spanish government to negotiate in good faith with the nation&#8217;s creditors and prospective bail out arbiters.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>October 3:<\/strong> Portugal&#8217;s debt agency, IGCP, is able to exchange \u20ac3.76 billion of debt maturing in 2013 for debt maturing in 2015, reducing the upcoming refinancing risk of the country.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>October 5:<\/strong> Germany&#8217;s parliamentary budget committee approves Portugal&#8217;s next debt tranche.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>October 16:<\/strong> Portugal announces its 2013 budget. It includes a raise in the average tax rate from 9.8% to 13.2%, as well as additional spending cuts.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>October 17:<\/strong> The <em>Financial Times<\/em> reports that a secret legal opinion prepared for EU finance ministers states that <a title=\"Europe Banking Supervisor Plan \u2018Illegal\u2019 | Financial Times\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ft.com\/intl\/cms\/s\/0\/d62db344-179f-11e2-9530-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2AuGWZEFb\">the plan for a single banking regulator in the eurozone is illegal<\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>October 19:<\/strong> European leaders agree to a single banking supervisor for the eurozone to be up and running by early 2013. This agreement clears the way for the European Stability Mechanism to directly recapitalize banks, rather than having to act through national governments. It is hoped that this will break the vicious cycle (describe above in this post&#8217;s commentary) of interconnected sovereigns and their systemically important banks.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>October 22:<\/strong> Eurostat reports that the eurozone&#8217;s fiscal deficit fell in the preceding year to 4.1% of gross domestic product (GDP) from 6.2% in 2010. However, public debt rose from 85.4% of GDP to 87.3% of GDP.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>October 23:<\/strong> Spain&#8217;s economy shrinks again, by 0.4% in the second quarter 2012.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>October 31:<\/strong> Eurozone unemployment situation achieves another record in September, hitting 18.49 million people, and putting the rate at 11.6%, up from 11.5%.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 7:<\/strong> Greece&#8217;s parliament passes yet another austerity package 153 vs. 128. Aid amounting to \u20ac31.5 billion will now be given to the troubled Mediterranean nation. Further, passage also allows for renegotiation of the terms of the nation&#8217;s \u20ac174 billion bailout.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 8:<\/strong> Benchmark interest rate of 0.75% is left unchanged by the European Central Bank.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 8:<\/strong> Elstat, Greece&#8217;s national statistics office, announces that unemployment is 25.4% in August, up from 24.8% in July. For those under 24 years of age, unemployment is a staggering 58.0%.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 13:<\/strong> Eurogroup approves a two-year extension to Greece&#8217;s fiscal adjustment period. Ministers also agree to put off until the following week a decision about whether or not to disburse the next aid tranche to Greece, as well as how to restructure Greece&#8217;s debt.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 14:<\/strong> Strikes and violence sweep through economically troubled European nations; in particular Spain, Portugal, and Greece.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 15:<\/strong> Third quarter gross domestic product (GDP) shrinks 0.1% in the eurozone. This result compares to a second quarter shrink of 0.2%. Countries worst hit include: Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Austria, and the Netherlands.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 19:<\/strong> Moody&#8217;s downgrades the sovereign debt of France from AAA to AA1.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 20:<\/strong> Due to the downgrade of France&#8217;s credit rating the day before, the European Financial Stability Facility delays floating its offering of three-year maturity debt.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 21:<\/strong> European leaders fail to reach an understanding of how to restructure Greece&#8217;s aid package, thus delaying the next aid tranche.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 23:<\/strong> European Union leaders fail to reach a deal on a common budget for its 27 members. A delay is expected until early 2013.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 27:<\/strong> The IMF and eurozone reach a debt-reduction agreement for Greece amounting to \u20ac40 billion.\u00a0 The reduction is expected to help Greece reemerge from its crippled state by 2020.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 28:<\/strong> Greece announces that it will borrow \u20ac10\u201314 billion to finance the repurchase of debt demanded under the new terms of its bailout agreement.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 28:<\/strong> EU Commission President, Jose Manuel Barroso, says that he supports the 17-member eurozone nations integrating their economies faster than the wider, 27-member EU. This will facilitate a unified budget and the ability to issue eurozone-wide bonds.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>November 30:<\/strong> Mario Draghi, ECB President, publicly states that the European sovereign debt crisis is far from over. He insists that members must tighten budgets and create a banking union in order to leave the &#8220;fairy world&#8221; that led to Europe&#8217;s financial problems.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 1:<\/strong> Credit ratings are lowered for the EFSF and European Stability Mechanism by Moody&#8217;s. The European Financial Stability Facility is provisionally cut to Aa1 from AAA, while the ESM is cut to Aa1 from AAA.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 3:<\/strong> Greece&#8217;s Public Debt Management Agency offers to buy back at a slight premium to market prices almost half of its debts outstanding.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 3:<\/strong> Eurozone manufacturing contracts for the ninth straight month in October.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 5:<\/strong> Greece&#8217;s offer to buy back half of its outstanding debt leads to Standard &amp; Poor&#8217;s cutting the nation&#8217;s credit rating from CCC to SD, or selective-default.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 13:<\/strong> Eurozone finance ministers vote to release long-delayed aid payments to Greece. Separately, Greece announces that its buyback plans fell short of intentions, with only \u20ac31.9 billion tendered.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>December 13:<\/strong> Unemployment in Greece hits 24.8% in the third quarter, a rise from the second quarter&#8217;s 23.6% rate. &#8220;Long-term unemployed&#8221;\u00a0\u2014 those who have looked for work for more than one year\u00a0\u2014 hits 62.6%.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 10%;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>December 13:<\/strong><\/span> After nearly endless negotiations EU finance ministers announce that they have reached an agreement to form a banking union. A single banking regulator\u00a0\u2014 the ECB\u00a0\u2014 is thought to be a key to resolving the three-year-old crisis. Authority is granted to force troubled banks to close their doors and for bank capital ratios to be raised.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Starting in 2013, this timeline will no longer be updated. To continue to keep abreast of breaking developments, follow <a title=\"Jason A. Voss, CFA (@TheIntuitInvest) | Twitter \" href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/UYi2AT\">Jason A. Voss, CFA, on Twitter<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><em>Originally published on CFA Institute\u2019s \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.cfainstitute.org\/investor\/\">Enterprising Investor<\/a>.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Editor&#8217;s note: This post will be updated periodically as events unfold. Last updated\u00a014 December 2012. Most commentators trace the beginning of the European sovereign debt crisis to 5 November 2009, when Greece revealed that its budget deficit was 12.7% of gross domestic product (GDP), more than twice what the country had previously disclosed. However, the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5160,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[83,71,84,72,85,73,74,75,86,79,87,76,81,77,88,82,89,90],"class_list":["post-5159","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-the-blog","tag-debt","tag-european-central-bank","tag-european-commission","tag-european-financial-stability-facility","tag-european-monetary-union","tag-european-sovereign-debt-crisis","tag-european-union","tag-eurozone","tag-france","tag-gdp","tag-germany","tag-greece","tag-italy","tag-maastricht-treaty","tag-piigs","tag-portugal","tag-sovereign-debt-crisis","tag-spain"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jasonapollovoss.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5159","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jasonapollovoss.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jasonapollovoss.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jasonapollovoss.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jasonapollovoss.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5159"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/jasonapollovoss.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5159\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jasonapollovoss.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5160"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jasonapollovoss.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5159"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jasonapollovoss.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5159"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jasonapollovoss.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5159"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}